Gov. JB Pritzker signed artificial intelligence legislation modeled after similar bills in California and New York on Monday, furthering a push for a state-driven national framework in lieu of federal regulations.
鈥淐ongress and the president ought to be passing similar legislation, but they鈥檝e so far been unwilling, because many are captive to special interests that profit from the industry having no regulation,鈥� Pritzker said before signing the bill. 鈥淲e can work together to establish thoughtful guardrails in ways that benefit both industry and the public, or we can allow a handful of actors to evade accountability and push the costs and detriment onto ordinary people. Illinois has chosen our path.鈥�
, also known as the Artificial Intelligence Safety Measures Act, increases transparency and accountability requirements for the largest artificial intelligence models 鈥� those that generate more than $500 million in annual revenue and are trained using massive computing power.
The bill mirrors California鈥檚 and New York鈥檚 , which were each signed in late 2025. It establishes new reporting standards for the possibility that the AI model could be used for large-scale harms, such as by providing users assistance in creating a chemical, biological or nuclear weapon or committing cyber-attacks.
Senate sponsor Sen. Mary Edly-Allen, D-Libertyville, said there is an urgency for states to protect against those potential harms.
鈥淲e are not willing to wait for Congress to act,鈥� Edly-Allen said. 鈥淭here鈥檚 an old saying: Give a man a fish, he eats for a day. Teach him to fish, he eats for a lifetime. Teach AI to fish, though, and it might just empty the whole river trying to figure out how.鈥�
Though the three states only account for roughly 20% of the national populus, lawmakers estimate that they represent roughly 40% of the U.S. AI market, effectively creating a de facto national standard.
New guardrails
The new law requires model developers to publish an AI framework outlining how the developer identifies and assesses 鈥渃atastrophic risk,鈥� defined as the likelihood that incidents that could cause death or serious injury to more than 50 people or more than $1 million in property damage.
Developers will also be required to report any incidents that could cause harm to the state within 72 hours of identifying the incident, or 24 hours if it poses an imminent risk for death or serious physical injury.
The bill鈥檚 House sponsor, Rep. Daniel Didech, D-Buffalo Grove, said the harms the bill will regulate are not theoretical.
鈥淲e have already seen the first AI-inspired mass shooting. We have already seen AI systems utilized to attack a municipal water and drainage utility,鈥� Didech said.
He also alluded to the example of Mythos model, which the company said was to release to the public. Anthropic supported Illinois鈥� bill and had representatives present at the signing on Monday.
鈥淓very transformative technology in our history, from automobiles to electricity to air travel, has delivered enormous benefits while carrying real risks, and in every case the government responded not by banning the technology and not by taking a hands-off approach, but by building safeguards, so everyday people can trust that these technologies are safe,鈥� Didech said.
Illinois鈥� version, similar in most ways to the standards set in New York and California, adds a first-in-the-nation requirement for mandatory annual third-party audits; New York鈥檚 version only required a single independent audit at the time when developers became large enough to qualify under the law.
During debate in the General Assembly, the third-party audit provision was a point of contention for some industry stakeholders, including TechNet, a coalition of tech executives across the industry.
鈥淲e remain concerned that Illinois would effectively be requiring private actors to make highly subjective determinations requiring AI safety compliance without established national standards, certifications, or clear regulatory guardrails,鈥� TechNet representative Ninia Linero said in committee May 20.
OpenAI and Anthropic both supported the bill on its path through the Illinois General Assembly, and it passed with broad bipartisan support in both chambers; Republican senators voted against it, and it in the House.
Though the large developers pushed for a federal framework rather than what they were concerned would be an inconsistent patchwork of state regulations, Caitlin Niedermeyer of OpenAI鈥檚 Global Affairs told the Senate鈥檚 AI and Social Media committee in April that OpenAI was open to a coordinated state-driven approach.
鈥淲hile we have been very clear that the federal government remains well-positioned to lead on frontier safety because it has the resources, expertise and institutions, we also strongly actually see a position for both Illinois but also California and New York to really lead in advancing aligned frameworks, which we believe can absolutely help create a de facto national direction of travel,鈥� Niedermeyer told the committee.
What鈥檚 on the AI horizon?
Companies that violate it will be subject to civil penalties brought by the attorney general鈥檚 office of up to $1 million for the first offense and up to $3 million for subsequent violations.
But lawmakers and advocates say they expect to continue working on the topic of AI in the future. For example, Didech identified medical care and education as likely frontiers needing further evaluation of AI鈥檚 public safety risks.
Scott Wisor, policy director for Secure AI, was one of the advocates helping to shape Illinois鈥� bill. Having more external evaluation of the risks the models pose, and make judgments on when they鈥檙e ready for release, would be the next step for further transparency and accountability, he said.
鈥淩ight now, the evaluation in this bill is, are you complying with your safety framework? Because suppose you had a safety framework, just like, 鈥榃e鈥檙e going to do A, B, C, and D,鈥� you do that, the evaluator confirms it, and yet it鈥檚 still a risky thing to have out in the world,鈥� Wisor said.
鈥淪o, this is a huge step forward, but I think there鈥檚 more we can do,鈥� Wisor said.
Illinois鈥檚 law will take effect on Jan. 1, 2028.
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