When the Rev. Kyunglim Shin Lee was ordained in 1988, it angered her in-laws for contravening long-held Korean cultural values subordinating women鈥檚 roles in society. Even her husband, a pastor, told her he understood intellectually 鈥渂ut his heart couldn鈥檛 accept it.鈥�
Those reactions broke Lee鈥檚 heart 鈥� and steeled her resolve. Today she is vice president for international relations at Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington, D.C.; has traveled to 60 countries as the seminary’s ambassador; and once served as interim lead pastor at a Korean American church for 11 months. Along the journey, she visualized herself as a speeding train.
鈥淧eople would either have to get in for the ride, or step out of the way,鈥� she said. 鈥淥nce I became convinced that God can use me, no one or nothing could stop me.鈥�
Lee鈥檚 success story is rare in the realm of Korean American churches, where women are seldom seen in the pulpits. In a time when women make up about 20% of Protestant pastors in the United States, Korean American female pastors still struggle to gain acceptance in their home churches and often end up assuming leadership roles elsewhere.
Women like Lee who have broken barriers in these spaces remain pessimistic about the pace of change and are concerned by the resilience of patriarchal attitudes even among second- and third-generation Korean Americans. More representation in church elder boards and in the pulpit is needed to promote equality and provide role models for younger women considering ministry, they say, but bringing about such cultural shift has proved a formidable challenge.
Gender equality in Korean American churches lags well behind congregations in South Korea, according to the Rev. Young Lee Hertig, executive director of Innovative Space for Asian American Christianity, which supports Asian American women in ministry. There are more female lead pastors in South Korea, she said, 鈥渂ecause culture changes faster when it is mainstream.鈥�
鈥淜orean American churches are the most patriarchal among Asian American churches. … Things should have changed by now, but they haven鈥檛,鈥� Hertig said.
Male dominance in traditional Korean society has roots in Confucianism from centuries ago, when women were subject to the authority of their husbands and fathers and in many ways barred from participating in public life. Many immigrants from Korea still hold such notions, and churches especially have been slow to embrace equality, said Grace Ji-Sun Kim, a theology professor at the Earlham School of Religion in Indiana.
鈥淚t鈥檚 hard for Korean women to be ministers because they are expected to be obedient to men,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 difficult for (Korean) men to listen to a woman who is preaching because this idea of superiority is embedded in their psyche.鈥�
The Rev. Janette Ok, an associate professor specializing in the New Testament at Fuller Seminary and pastor at Ekko Church, a nondenominational congregation in Fullerton, California, agreed that 鈥渞epresentation matters.鈥�
She was fortunate to have a role model while growing up in the 1980s in Detroit, where she saw a Korean woman leading her church鈥檚 English-language service every Sunday 鈥� but at the time didn’t grasp how exceptional that was.
鈥淚 watched her give sacraments, give the benediction. I still have this image of her in a pastoral robe and stole,鈥� Ok said. 鈥淲ithout her example, I would鈥檝e never imagined I could become a pastor.鈥�
That woman was the Rev. Mary Paik. Now retired and living in Hawaii, Paik said she was only hired as a last resort because the male applicants鈥� English wasn鈥檛 good enough. She received a 鈥渓ot of strange looks鈥� as an unmarried, 30-year-old female pastor.
Male church elders were patronizing and treated her like a daughter, while some of the younger men flirted with her or refused to acknowledge her. Many of the older women seemed to find her presence inconceivable.
鈥淏ut some younger women were standing up a little straighter because I was there,鈥� Paik said. 鈥淭hey felt good about it.鈥�
She has seen some progress. When the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) started a group in 1991 for female Korean American clergy in the denomination, there were just 18. Today there are 150.
鈥淲hen I started this, I was alone,鈥� Paik said. 鈥淣ow there are other women who talk to each other, share their struggles with one another. As long as we do it together, it鈥檚 bearable. And we do it not because it鈥檚 easy or hard, but because it鈥檚 a calling.鈥�
But Ok said that while there are more of them in ministry now, most end up serving in mainline or multiethnic congregations rather than Korean American churches.
鈥淭here is this sense that I love my home church and I don鈥檛 want to abandon my home community,鈥� she said. 鈥淏ut they don鈥檛 affirm me as a leader. It鈥檚 heartbreaking.鈥�
Ok鈥檚 own church is largely Asian American, but not specifically Korean. Several years ago she served as interim lead pastor for nine months.
鈥淚 was afraid people would leave because I鈥檓 a woman, but they didn鈥檛,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hat was very encouraging. Change doesn鈥檛 happen overnight. You have to create pathways and pipelines.鈥�
Soo Ji Alvarez is in a similar situation. After growing up in a conservative Korean immigrant church in Vancouver, British Columbia, that had no female pastors, today she is lead pastor of The Avenue Church, a multiethnic Free Baptist congregation in Riverside, California.
The move away from her home church was not intentional but happened organically, she said, and she embraces her pastoral position as a role model.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a big deal for me (as a woman of Korean descent) to lead a congregation,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 hope I can help pave the way for others so they know it鈥檚 possible. Ministry should be like any other career 鈥� your ethnicity or gender should not affect your chances.鈥�
As for the pastors鈥� male counterparts in Korean American churches, Kim, for one, expressed anger that so many stay silent on the issue: 鈥淭hey feel like fighting social justice issues shouldn鈥檛 be the church鈥檚 business. But to me it is God鈥檚 work. It鈥檚 important, necessary work.鈥�
But Lee, whose ordination was objectionable to her family, said it pleases her to see some male pastors welcome women to the pulpit 鈥� as her husband eventually did.
The Rev. John Park, who leads Numa Church in Buena Park, California, is one male pastor who embraces such allyship. He called on men to consciously work to empower women, citing Scripture in the words of the Apostle Paul: 鈥淭here is neither Jew nor Gentile, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.鈥�
鈥淭he Bible is clear on the issue of equality,鈥� Park said. 鈥淏ut this is an internal battle in our community. We鈥檙e fighting our own past.鈥�
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